“… while some parts of the universe may operate like machines, these are closed systems, at best, form only a small part of the physical universe.  Most phenomena of interest to us are, in fact, open systems, exchanging energy or matter (and, one might add, information) with their environment.  Surely biological and social systems are open, which means that the attempt to understand them in mechanistic terms is doomed to failure.

    This suggests, moreover, that most of reality, instead of being orderly, stable, and equilibrial, is seething and bubbling with change, disorder, and process.”

 

• Alvin Toffler, Foreword to Order out of Chaos by Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers

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